Educational System in Spain: Structure & Guide

Educational System in Spain: A Complete Guide to Spanish Education From Infantil to Universidad

Introduction

Spain, a nation of 47 million people occupying the majority of the Iberian Peninsula, operates one of the most structurally complex and regionally diverse education systems in Europe. With 17 autonomous communities each holding significant authority over educational policy, the Spanish system is a fascinating study in decentralized governance applied to public education.

The Spanish education system has undergone profound transformation since the end of the Franco dictatorship in 1975. From a rigid, centralized, and heavily Catholic system, Spain has evolved toward a modern, largely secular, and democratically governed model of public education. Yet tensions remain: between national standards and regional autonomy, between public and privately managed schooling, between traditional academic pathways and vocational training, and between successive governments that have repeatedly rewritten education law to reflect their political priorities.

In our comprehensive overview of the best educational systems in the world, Spain occupies a middling position among developed nations, performing below the OECD average on PISA assessments but showing gradual improvement in several metrics. However, raw PISA scores tell only part of the story. Spain offers universal, largely free education from age 3, provides extensive vocational training options, and has dramatically increased its university graduation rates over the past three decades.

This article provides a thorough examination of how the Spanish education system works, from nursery school through university and beyond.

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A Brief History of Spanish Education Reform

Understanding the current Spanish education system requires appreciating the rapid pace of change since the democratic transition of the late 1970s.

• 1857: The Moyano Law established Spain's first modern national education framework, making primary education compulsory (though enforcement was weak and illiteracy remained widespread for decades)
• 1939-1975: Under Franco, education was centralized, heavily influenced by the Catholic Church, and used as a tool of ideological control. Instruction was exclusively in Castilian Spanish, suppressing regional languages like Catalan, Basque, and Galician
• 1978: The new Spanish Constitution established education as a fundamental right and recognized the role of autonomous communities in managing schooling
• 1985: LODE (Ley Organica del Derecho a la Educacion) established the framework for publicly funded private schools (colegios concertados)
• 1990: LOGSE (Ley Organica General del Sistema Educativo) extended compulsory education to age 16, restructured the system into the current stages, and introduced the ESO (Educacion Secundaria Obligatoria)
• 2006: LOE (Ley Organica de Educacion) introduced competency-based learning and greater emphasis on evaluation
• 2013: LOMCE (Ley Organica para la Mejora de la Calidad Educativa), known as the "Wert Law," introduced controversial measures including external standardized assessments and greater support for Spanish-language instruction in bilingual regions
• 2020: LOMLOE (Ley Organica de Modificacion de la LOE), known as the "Celaa Law," repealed much of LOMCE and introduced significant reforms that are still being implemented today

Spain has had seven major education laws since 1980, making it one of the most frequently reformed education systems in the developed world. This legislative instability is itself a significant challenge, as schools and teachers must constantly adapt to new frameworks before the previous ones have been fully implemented.

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Structure of the Spanish Education System

The Spanish education system is divided into several clearly defined stages. Understanding this structure is essential for navigating the system, whether as a parent, student, or educator.

1. Educacion Infantil (Ages 0-6) — Early Childhood Education

Educacion Infantil is divided into two cycles:

First Cycle (0-3 years):

• Not compulsory and not free (though subsidies are expanding under LOMLOE)
• Delivered in escuelas infantiles (nursery schools) or guarderias
• Growing public investment, with the Spanish government and EU Recovery Funds working to expand free access to the 0-3 cycle
• Availability and cost vary significantly by autonomous community

Second Cycle (3-6 years):

• Not technically compulsory, but enrollment is nearly universal (approximately 97% of 3-year-olds attend)
• Free in public and concertado schools
• Focuses on socialization, early literacy and numeracy, psychomotor development, and introduction to a second language (usually English)
• Organized into three academic years

The near-universal enrollment in the second cycle of Educacion Infantil means that, in practice, Spanish children begin their educational journey at age 3, even though compulsory education does not formally begin until age 6.

2. Educacion Primaria (Ages 6-12) — Primary Education

Primary education is the first compulsory stage, lasting six years and organized into three two-year cycles.

Key features:

• Taught by generalist primary teachers (maestros), with specialist teachers for subjects like English, music, and physical education
• Core subjects include Spanish Language and Literature, Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, Foreign Language (typically English), Arts Education, Physical Education, and Religion or Values Education (families choose)
• In autonomous communities with co-official languages (Catalonia, Basque Country, Galicia, Valencia, Balearic Islands), the regional language is also a core subject and often a language of instruction
• Assessment is continuous and carried out by teachers; there are no national standardized exams at this stage
• Students who do not meet learning objectives may repeat a year (repeticion de curso), though LOMLOE has made grade repetition an exceptional measure requiring consensus among the teaching team

3. Educacion Secundaria Obligatoria — ESO (Ages 12-16) — Compulsory Secondary Education

ESO is the final stage of compulsory education, lasting four years (1st through 4th of ESO).

Key features:

• Taught by subject-specialist teachers who hold university degrees and have passed the oposiciones (competitive civil service examinations)
• Core subjects include Spanish Language, Mathematics (with applied and academic tracks in 3rd and 4th year), Geography and History, Physics and Chemistry, Biology and Geology, Foreign Language, Physical Education, and Technology
• Students choose optional subjects (optativas) and, in 4th of ESO, select between an academic track (oriented toward Bachillerato) or an applied track (oriented toward Formacion Profesional)
• Assessment is continuous, and students may repeat a year, though LOMLOE limits this to twice during the entire ESO stage
• Upon successful completion, students receive the Titulo de Graduado en Educacion Secundaria Obligatoria, which is required for further academic or vocational study

ESO is widely considered the most challenging stage of the Spanish system, with the highest dropout rates and the point at which socioeconomic disparities in outcomes become most visible. Spain's early school leaving rate, while it has improved dramatically (from over 30% in 2008 to approximately 13% in 2023), remains above the EU average.

4. Bachillerato (Ages 16-18) — Upper Secondary Education

Bachillerato is the non-compulsory, pre-university academic track lasting two years.

Key features:

• Students choose from several modalidades (pathways): Sciences and Technology, Humanities and Social Sciences, and Arts (with two sub-options under LOMLOE: Arts and a new General pathway)
• Highly academic and demanding, with a significant increase in workload compared to ESO
• Core subjects across all pathways include Spanish Language and Literature, Foreign Language, Philosophy (1st year), and History of Spain (2nd year)
• Students also take pathway-specific subjects and electives
• Assessment is continuous, and students must pass all subjects to obtain the Bachillerato title
• Completion of Bachillerato is required to sit the university entrance examination

5. The EvAU / Selectividad — University Entrance Examination

The university entrance exam has undergone several name changes and is known by various names: Selectividad (the traditional and still widely used term), PAU (Pruebas de Acceso a la Universidad), EBAU (Evaluacion de Bachillerato para el Acceso a la Universidad), or EvAU (Evaluacion para el Acceso a la Universidad), depending on the autonomous community.

How it works:

• The exam has a compulsory phase (four or five subjects) and a voluntary phase (students can take additional subjects to raise their score)
• The compulsory phase is scored out of 10 points; with the voluntary phase, the maximum possible score is 14
• The final university admission score (nota de admision) combines the Bachillerato grade (60%) and the EvAU score (40%)
• Each university degree program has a nota de corte (cut-off score) that represents the minimum admission score from the previous year
• The exam is administered by each autonomous community, leading to debates about whether difficulty levels are comparable across regions
• High-demand programs like Medicine, Aerospace Engineering, and certain bilingual degree programs require admission scores above 12-13 out of 14

The EvAU is a high-stakes exam that generates significant stress among Spanish students and families. It is typically held in June, with a second sitting available in July for students who did not achieve their desired score.

6. Formacion Profesional — FP (Vocational Education and Training)

Formacion Profesional (FP) is Spain's vocational education system and has undergone a major transformation in recent years, becoming an increasingly popular and respected alternative to the academic Bachillerato-university pathway.

FP is organized into three levels:

• FP Basica (Basic VET): Accessible from age 15 for students who have not completed ESO; two-year programs leading to a Level 1 professional qualification
• FP de Grado Medio (Intermediate VET): Accessible after completing ESO; two-year programs leading to the title of Tecnico (Technician)
• FP de Grado Superior (Higher VET): Accessible after completing Bachillerato or Grado Medio; two-year programs leading to the title of Tecnico Superior (Higher Technician), which also provides access to university

Key features of FP:

• Programs span over 26 professional families, from Healthcare to IT, Hospitality, Mechanical Engineering, and Audiovisual Production
• All FP programs include mandatory workplace training (Formacion en Centros de Trabajo or FCT), typically lasting 300-400 hours
• The 2022 FP Reform Law introduced Dual FP as the standard model, significantly increasing the proportion of training carried out in companies
• FP enrollment has surged in recent years, with over 1 million students enrolled as of 2024
• Higher FP graduates enjoy strong employability, with insertion rates exceeding 70% in many technical fields

The growing prestige of FP represents one of the most positive trends in Spanish education. Historically stigmatized as a path for students who "could not" pursue university, FP is increasingly recognized as a valuable and often more direct route to employment.

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Public, Concertado, and Private Schools: The Three-Tier System

One of the most distinctive features of the Spanish education system is its three-tier structure of school management, a system that generates ongoing political debate.

Colegios Publicos (Public Schools)

• Funded and managed entirely by the state (through autonomous communities)
• Free of charge (no tuition fees; textbooks and materials may involve some cost, though many communities offer lending or subsidy programs)
• Employ civil servant teachers who have passed the oposiciones
• Approximately 67% of Spanish students attend public schools
• Quality varies by neighborhood and community, but the system is generally egalitarian

Colegios Concertados (Publicly Funded Private Schools)

• Privately owned and managed (historically many are Catholic, though secular concertados exist and are growing)
• Receive public funding through agreements (conciertos educativos) with the government
• Cannot charge tuition fees for compulsory education stages, but many charge for "voluntary" services such as extracurricular activities, meals, uniforms, and supplementary materials, which can effectively function as de facto tuition
• Approximately 26% of Spanish students attend concertado schools
• Concentrated in urban areas and particularly prevalent in regions like the Basque Country, Navarra, and Madrid
• The concertado system is one of the most politically contentious aspects of Spanish education, with the political left generally favoring restrictions on concertados and the right defending and expanding them

Colegios Privados (Fully Private Schools)

• Entirely privately funded through tuition fees
• No public funding
• Approximately 7% of students attend private schools
• Include international schools, elite prep schools, and alternative pedagogy schools (Montessori, Waldorf, etc.)
• Tuition can range from 3,000 to over 15,000 euros per year, with the most exclusive international schools in Madrid and Barcelona charging 20,000-30,000 euros or more

The debate between public and concertado schooling is deeply political in Spain. Supporters of concertados argue they provide educational freedom and choice, meet genuine demand (especially in areas where public school capacity is insufficient), and deliver quality education efficiently. Critics argue that concertados contribute to social segregation, effectively select students through indirect economic barriers, and divert public funds from the public school system. LOMLOE introduced measures to reduce segregation and increase oversight of concertado admissions, though implementation has been uneven.

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Autonomous Community Differences: One Country, Many Systems

Spain's 17 autonomous communities each have full authority (competencias) over education within their territory, within the framework of national law. This creates significant variation across the country.

Language of Instruction

The most visible difference across communities is the language of instruction:

• Catalonia: The immersio linguistica model uses Catalan as the primary language of instruction, with Spanish taught as a subject. This model has been legally challenged and remains politically contentious
• Basque Country: Families choose between three linguistic models (Model A: primarily Spanish; Model B: bilingual; Model D: primarily Basque). The Basque-medium Model D is chosen by approximately 70% of families
• Galicia: Instruction is split between Galician and Spanish
• Valencia and Balearic Islands: Valencian/Catalan is used alongside Spanish, with varying models
• Other communities: Instruction is primarily in Spanish, with foreign language programs increasingly common

Curriculum and Assessment Variations

While the national government sets the basic curriculum (approximately 55-65% of content), autonomous communities have significant flexibility to:

• Add content related to regional geography, history, and culture
• Determine the balance of instructional hours across subjects
• Set policies on grade repetition and advancement within national parameters
• Administer their own version of the EvAU exam

Performance Disparities

PISA results reveal significant performance differences across communities. Communities like Castilla y Leon, Navarra, and the Basque Country consistently score above the OECD average (and above the Spanish national average), while Andalusia, the Canary Islands, and Extremadura tend to score below. These disparities broadly correlate with socioeconomic differences, though educational policy also plays a role.

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Bilingual Education Programs

Beyond the use of co-official regional languages, Spain has seen a dramatic expansion of bilingual education programs (typically Spanish-English) over the past two decades.

Key features of bilingual programs:

• The Community of Madrid launched its ambitious Programa Bilingue in 2004, which now covers a large proportion of public schools in the region
• In bilingual schools, certain subjects (often Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, Arts, and Physical Education) are taught partially or entirely in English
• Other communities (Andalusia, Castilla-La Mancha, Aragon, and others) have implemented similar programs, though the scale and model vary
• These programs are generally popular with families, but have faced criticism from some educators and researchers who argue that content learning may suffer when instruction is delivered in a language that neither teachers nor students fully command
• Teacher qualification requirements for bilingual programs typically include a B2 or C1 level of English certification

The expansion of bilingual education reflects Spain's strong emphasis on English language acquisition, driven by historically low levels of English proficiency compared to Northern European countries. Spain's approach contrasts with the Finnish model, where students achieve high levels of English proficiency largely through media exposure and later, more intensive formal instruction.

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The Grading System

Spain uses a numerical grading system on a scale of 0 to 10:

In some contexts (particularly Bachillerato and university), a special distinction of Matricula de Honor may be awarded for exceptional performance, typically reserved for the top students and carrying benefits such as free tuition for the following academic year in public universities.

The pass threshold of 5 out of 10 applies across all educational stages. In primary and ESO, teachers provide both numerical grades and qualitative assessments of student competencies under the LOMLOE framework.

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Teacher Recruitment: The Oposiciones System

Becoming a teacher in the Spanish public education system requires passing the oposiciones, a competitive civil service examination process that is one of the defining features of the Spanish teaching profession.

Requirements

• For primary education (Maestros): A four-year university degree in Primary Education (Grado en Educacion Primaria) plus the oposiciones
• For secondary education (Profesores de Secundaria): A university degree in the relevant subject field plus a one-year master's degree in teacher training (Master en Formacion del Profesorado) plus the oposiciones

The Oposiciones Process

The oposiciones typically consist of:

1. Written examination: A theoretical test on the subject area and pedagogy, often involving developing a detailed topic (tema) from a syllabus of 60-75 topics
2. Practical examination: A practical exercise related to the teaching specialty (e.g., solving problems, analyzing texts, or designing a didactic unit)
3. Presentation of a didactic program (programacion didactica): Candidates prepare a full-year teaching program and defend a specific unit before a tribunal
4. Assessment of merits (concurso): Points awarded for prior teaching experience, additional qualifications, publications, and training courses

The pass rate for oposiciones varies by subject and community, but is typically between 20-35%. The process is demanding and often requires one to two years of dedicated preparation, frequently while working as an interino (substitute teacher) in the public system.

Criticisms of the oposiciones system include:

• The process favors memorization and theoretical knowledge over demonstrated classroom teaching ability
• The system creates a large pool of interinos who may work for years without job security while awaiting a permanent position
• Regional variations in the process and pass rates create inequities
• The format has not been substantially updated in decades and may not assess the competencies most relevant to modern teaching

Despite these criticisms, the oposiciones system ensures a relatively high baseline of subject knowledge among Spanish public school teachers, and the civil servant status it confers provides strong job security and stable working conditions. As explored in our guide to what makes a good teacher, effective teaching requires both deep subject knowledge and strong pedagogical skills, and Spain's system has traditionally emphasized the former.

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The LOMLOE Reform: Spain's Latest Education Overhaul

The LOMLOE (Ley Organica de Modificacion de la LOE), passed in December 2020 and progressively implemented from 2022 onward, represents the most significant reform of Spanish education in over a decade.

Key Changes Under LOMLOE

Competency-Based Learning:

• The curriculum has been restructured around eight key competencies, aligning with the European Framework of Key Competences
• Assessment is designed to evaluate competency development rather than rote memorization of content
• Situaciones de aprendizaje (learning situations) are introduced as the core pedagogical framework, emphasizing real-world, contextualized learning tasks

Grade Repetition Restrictions:

• Grade repetition is now an exceptional measure, requiring consensus from the teaching team and to be used only when all other support measures have been exhausted
• This represents a significant shift from Spain's historically high repetition rates (Spain has had one of the highest grade repetition rates in the OECD)

Changes to the Concertado System:

• Increased oversight of admissions processes in concertado schools to prevent socioeconomic selection
• Gradual elimination of single-sex concertado schools from public funding
• Greater transparency requirements regarding fees and services

Religion and Values:

• Religion is offered as an optional subject but no longer has a graded academic alternative (previously, students who opted out of Religion took an "alternative" subject that counted toward their grade)
• The grade for Religion does not count toward academic averages for purposes like university admissions or scholarship applications

Special Education:

• LOMLOE commits to a 10-year plan for transitioning toward inclusive education, progressively integrating students with special educational needs into mainstream schools
• This has been one of the most controversial aspects of the reform, with some special education families and professionals arguing that mainstream schools are not yet equipped to provide adequate support

Digital Competence:

• Enhanced emphasis on digital literacy across all stages
• Integration of computational thinking and digital skills, supported by tools such as learning management systems that many Spanish schools are now adopting

Political Controversy

LOMLOE was passed with the votes of the ruling left-wing coalition and its parliamentary allies, over the strong opposition of the center-right and right-wing parties. Conservative critics have challenged several aspects of the law, including:

• Alleged lowering of academic standards through restrictions on grade repetition and the ability for students to advance with failed subjects
• Perceived weakening of the Spanish language in bilingual communities
• Changes to the status of concertado schools and religious education
• The speed of implementation, which many teachers and school administrators have found challenging

Several autonomous communities governed by parties opposed to LOMLOE have implemented the reform with varying degrees of enthusiasm, creating additional inconsistency across the country.

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Spain's PISA Performance: Context and Analysis

Spain's performance on the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a regular source of national debate.

Recent PISA Results (2022)

• Mathematics: 473 (OECD average: 472)
• Reading: 474 (OECD average: 476)
• Science: 485 (OECD average: 485)

Spain performed essentially at the OECD average in all three domains in 2022, a result that was seen as relatively positive given the sharp declines experienced by many countries following the COVID-19 pandemic. Spain's scores declined less than those of many other OECD nations.

Key PISA Takeaways for Spain

• Equity: Spain has a relatively low impact of socioeconomic background on student performance compared to many OECD countries, suggesting that the system provides a reasonably equitable baseline education
• Regional variation: As noted above, some autonomous communities (Castilla y Leon, Navarra) consistently score well above the OECD average, while others score well below
• Resilient students: Spain has a higher-than-average proportion of "resilient" students (those from disadvantaged backgrounds who achieve high academic results)
• Top performers: Spain has a lower proportion of top-performing students compared to the OECD average, suggesting challenges in stretching the most academically capable students
• Grade repetition: Despite reforms, Spain's historically high grade repetition rates are associated with weaker PISA outcomes

When comparing Spain to countries like Finland, the contrasts are instructive. Finland achieves significantly higher scores with less instructional time, fewer standardized assessments, and higher teacher qualifications. However, Spain outperforms many countries with larger education budgets and provides near-universal early childhood education from age 3, a feature that many higher-ranked systems lack.

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Higher Education in Spain

While this article focuses primarily on the pre-university system, a brief overview of Spanish higher education is useful for understanding the full educational pathway.

University System

• Spain has 84 universities (50 public and 34 private)
• Public university tuition ranges from approximately 700 to 2,500 euros per year, depending on the community and field of study (experimental degrees like Medicine and Engineering tend to cost more)
• The Bologna Process has structured Spanish degrees as: Grado (4 years, 240 ECTS), Master Oficial (1-2 years), and Doctorado (PhD)
• University admission is based on the EvAU score and Bachillerato grades, with each degree program setting its own cut-off score
• Spain has a relatively high university enrollment rate, with approximately 35% of 25-34-year-olds holding a university degree

Challenges in Higher Education

• High dropout rates in the first year of university (approximately 20-25%)
• Mismatch between degree offerings and labor market demands in some fields
• Growing competition from private universities, which now enroll approximately 20% of university students
• Relatively low levels of internationalization compared to Northern European universities

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Key Statistics: Spanish Education at a Glance

• Total students enrolled: Approximately 8.3 million (all non-university stages)
• Schools: Approximately 28,500 schools across all types and stages
• Public school enrollment: 67%
• Concertado enrollment: 26%
• Private enrollment: 7%
• Early school leaving rate: Approximately 13% (down from 31% in 2008)
• Education spending: Approximately 4.1% of GDP (below the EU average of approximately 4.8%)
• Compulsory education ages: 6-16
• PISA 2022 scores: Mathematics 473, Reading 474, Science 485
• Grade repetition rate: Approximately 29% of 15-year-olds have repeated at least one year (one of the highest in the OECD, though declining)
• Teacher workforce: Approximately 750,000 teachers across all stages
• Ratio of students to teachers: Approximately 12:1 (primary), 11:1 (secondary)
• University graduation rate (25-34 age group): Approximately 35%

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Frequently Asked Questions About Education in Spain

Is education free in Spain? Public education in Spain is free for all compulsory stages (ages 6-16), and the second cycle of Educacion Infantil (ages 3-6) is also free in public and concertado schools. However, families typically pay for textbooks, school materials, meals, and extracurricular activities, which can add up to several hundred euros per year. Concertado schools, while nominally free, often charge for supplementary services. Public university tuition ranges from 700 to 2,500 euros per year depending on the autonomous community and field of study.

What is a concertado school in Spain? A concertado school is a privately owned and managed school that receives public funding through an agreement with the government. Concertados cannot charge tuition for compulsory education stages but may charge for optional services. Many concertados have a Catholic affiliation, though secular concertados exist. Approximately 26% of Spanish students attend concertado schools. The concertado model is politically controversial, with debates centered on whether these schools contribute to social segregation.

How does the Spanish university entrance exam (EvAU/Selectividad) work? The EvAU (also known as Selectividad, EBAU, or PAU depending on the region) is taken at the end of Bachillerato. It has a compulsory phase (worth up to 10 points) and a voluntary phase (worth up to 4 additional points, for a maximum of 14). The final admission score combines the Bachillerato grade (60%) and the EvAU compulsory phase score (40%), plus any voluntary phase points. Each university degree program sets a minimum cut-off score based on demand. The exam is administered by each autonomous community.

What is Formacion Profesional and is it a good option? Formacion Profesional (FP) is Spain's vocational education and training system, offering programs at Basic, Intermediate (Grado Medio), and Higher (Grado Superior) levels across 26 professional families. FP has undergone significant modernization and destigmatization in recent years, with enrollment exceeding 1 million students. Higher FP graduates enjoy strong employability rates, and the Grado Superior title provides direct access to university. FP is increasingly recognized as a valuable pathway, particularly in fields like IT, healthcare, and advanced manufacturing.

What are the main differences between education in different Spanish regions? The most significant differences relate to language of instruction (Catalan in Catalonia, Basque in the Basque Country, Galician in Galicia, etc.), curriculum content (communities add regional history and culture), EvAU exam specifics, investment levels, and educational outcomes. Communities like Castilla y Leon and Navarra consistently outperform on PISA, while southern and island communities tend to score lower. Funding levels, teacher-student ratios, and the proportion of concertado schools also vary significantly across regions.

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Conclusion

The Spanish education system is a work in progress, shaped by its complex history, its decentralized governance structure, and the passionate political debates that surround education policy in Spain. It offers several genuine strengths: near-universal early childhood education from age 3, a growing and increasingly respected vocational training system, a relatively equitable distribution of outcomes across socioeconomic groups, and free or low-cost education from preschool through university.

At the same time, significant challenges remain. Legislative instability means that teachers and schools must constantly adapt to new frameworks. Grade repetition rates, while declining, remain high. PISA performance, while stable, places Spain only at the OECD average. The political debate around concertado schools and regional language policies shows no signs of resolution. And education spending as a percentage of GDP remains below the EU average.

For international families considering schooling in Spain, the system offers a wide range of options, from high-quality public schools to bilingual concertados to prestigious international private schools. For policymakers and educators looking for lessons, Spain's experience with vocational training reform, its management of multilingual education, and its ongoing struggle to balance national cohesion with regional autonomy all offer valuable case studies.

Spain's educational journey is far from over. The LOMLOE reform is still being implemented, the dual FP model is being rolled out, and the perennial debates about school choice, language policy, and academic standards continue. What is clear is that Spain takes education seriously, even if it has not yet found a lasting consensus on exactly how to organize it.

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Last Updated: May 2026 Written by the SchoolHub Team